Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

　　Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

　　“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

　　The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

　　If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

　　A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

　　“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable (可行的).”

　　Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics (手段) have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

　　57. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap .

　　A) should be further cultivated　 C) are deeply rooted in history

　　B) should be changed gradually　 D) are basically private concerns

　　58. The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to .

　　A) perfected art of products　 C) commercial promotions

　　B) automatic behavior creation　 D) scientific experiments

　　59. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to .

　　A) show the urgent need of daily necessities

　　B) reveal their impact on people’ habits

　　C) indicate their effect on people’ buying power

　　D) manifest the significant role of good habits

　　60. How did Carol Berning see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?

　　A) It may not bring huge profits for companies.

　　B) It has become a new field of scientific research.

　　C) It means a heavy investment for companies.

　　D) It is necessary for the success of new products.

　　61. What is the author’s attitude toward the influence of advertising on people’s habits?

　　A) Indifferent. B) Negative. C)Positive. D) Biased.

　　Part I Writing

　　【参考范文一】

　　Is Homeschooling Advisable?

　　Today, a growing number of children in China are staying at home, not because they are giving up education but because their parents think they will actually receive a better education at home. They are being homeschooled at every level — kindergarten, primary, junior middle and even senior middle school.

　　People’s opinions vary on homeschooling. Some people support it, saying China’s current education mode puts heavy study pressure on students and many of them suffer from depression and even commit suicide. Some oppose it, maintaining that students need interaction with classmates, so that they can fit into society. Still, there are people who insist that homeschooling is a game for rich people only, which cannot be expanded to the whole of society.

　　Personally, I think homeschooling is advisable as long as the family can afford it. As people’s personalities differ, so education should be diversified. What’s more, we do have successful examples of homeschooling. For example, Zheng Yuanjie, a famous Chinese writer of children’s stories had his son study at home after his son finished primary school study. Today, his son has grown up to be a successful person.

　　【参考范文二】

　　Is Homeschooling Advisable?

　　Today, many parents in China, particularly those in cities, are dissatisfied with the country’s education system. They believe the current education mode is outdated and prevents children from experiencing the joy of learning. To change the situation, they choose to have their children study at home.

　　This phenomenon has attracted a range of commentary from experts as well as parents. Supporters of homeschooling say that today’s education system emphasizes too much on exam results to allow students to fulfill their full potential. Opponents, however, argue that insulating students from normal school education will affect their ability to integrate with the rest of society in the long-term.

　　I’m in the camp that homeschooling should not be advocated. Today, most children are the only child in a family are in need of companions. If they are educated at home, they will be unable to interact with their peers, and cooperation and communication will be very difficult to manage when they go into society. Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

　　1. C) 2. D) 3. A) 4. B) 5. D) 6. B) 7. C)

　　8. slim 9. little impact 10. shocked

　　Part III Listening Comprehension

　　11. C) 12. C) 13. A) 14. A) 15. B) 16. A) 17. A) 18. D)

　　19. D) 20. D) 21. C) 22. B) 23. C) 24. D) 25. C)

　　26. A) 27. B) 28. C)

　　29. B) 30. B) 31. C)

　　32. A)

　　33. C) 34. B) 35. C)

　　36. combination 37. requirements 38. defines 39. voluntarily

　　40. divided 41. employment 42. security 43. means

　　44. But job-sharing bridges that gap and offers the chance of interesting work to people who can only work part-time

　　45. There are various reasons why people decide they want to job-share and so have more free time

　　46. and means that disabled people or those who otherwise stay at home to look after them, can work

　　Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)

　　47. more susceptible to psychiatric disorders

　　48. children’s relationships with their parents

　　49. less grey matter

　　50. the brain abnormalities

　　51. parenting

　　52. D) 53. B) 54. C) 55. C) 56. A)

　　57. A) 58. C) 59. B) 60. D) 61. B)