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Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing(裁判)decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.

The researcher organized an experimental tournament(锦标赛)involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.

Observers noted down the referees’errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.

The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, theywere, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was12 meters.The research shows the optimum(最 佳的)distance is about 20 meters.

There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.

If FIFA, football’s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.

He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping upwith the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.

Choose correct answers to the question:

1. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to_______.

A. review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup

B. analyze the causes of errors made by football referees

C. set a standard for football refereeing

D. reexamine the rules for football refereeing

2. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was _______.

A. slightly above average

B. higher than in the 1998 World Cup

C. quite unexpected

D. as high as in a standard match

3. The findings of the experiment show that _______.

A. errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball

B. the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors

C. the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur

D. errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot

4. The word “officials” (Line 2, Para.4) most probably refers to _______.

A. the researchers involved in the experiment

B. the inspectors of the football tournament

C. the referees of the football tournament

D. the observers at the site of the experiment

5. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?

A. The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.

B. Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.

C. A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.

D. An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.

参考答案

1.[B] 根据第1段可知，球迷对裁判的裁决不满意，因此“A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees. 一名研究员被指定对一些高级裁判的场上执法情况进行研究”,再加上文中error一词頻频使用，可见，目的是分析裁判误判的原因，即B。

2.[C] 第3段说“在90分钟的标准赛中，每个裁判几乎犯23个错误，这是一个remarkably high number”, C与之一致。

3.[A] 第4段第2句提到，令人惊讶的是，裁判离犯规地点越近，错判的可能性就越大,A为原文的同义表达，故选A。B项的干扰性比较大，但由下一句可知，正确判断的平均距离是离犯规处17米。故并非越远，错判就越少，故排除B。

4.[C] 根据第4段officials出现的上下文可以判断是指referees，其实这也是全文主题词.故选C。

5.[B] 最后一段提到，如果紧跟着球员跑来跑去显得不那么重要的话，栽判的身体状况也就不那么关键了。所以它的含义应为B “在选择足球裁判时，年龄并不是首要考虑的因素"。

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